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          Runtime：Category
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        <p>如果原来的类和分类中有相同的方法，那么最终执行的是分类方法。</p>
<p>编译完，每个分类都会生成一个category_t结构体，里面存储名称、对象方法列表、类方法列表、协议方法列表、属性列表。</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="title">category_t</span> &#123;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="type">const</span> <span class="type">char</span> *name;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="type">classref_t</span> cls;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="class"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="title">method_list_t</span> *<span class="title">instanceMethods</span>;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="class"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="title">method_list_t</span> *<span class="title">classMethods</span>;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="class"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="title">protocol_list_t</span> *<span class="title">protocols</span>;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="class"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="title">property_list_t</span> *<span class="title">instanceProperties</span>;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// Fields below this point are not always present on disk.</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="class"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="title">property_list_t</span> *_<span class="title">classProperties</span>;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="type">method_list_t</span> *<span class="title function_">methodsForMeta</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">bool</span> isMeta)</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> (isMeta) <span class="keyword">return</span> classMethods;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">else</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> instanceMethods;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="type">property_list_t</span> *<span class="title function_">propertiesForMeta</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">bool</span> isMeta, <span class="keyword">struct</span> header_info *hi)</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>在合并分类的时候，其方法列表等不会覆盖原来类中的方法，是共存的。但分类的方法在前面，原来类的方法在后面，调用的时候，就会调用分类中的方法，如果多个分类的相同方法，后编译的分类会被调用。</p>
<p>如果想要执行被“覆盖”的类定义方法，可以逆序遍历方法列表，第一次取得的就是类定义的方法：</p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">- (void)foo&#123;   </span><br><span class="line">  [类 invokeOriginalMethod:self selector:_cmd];</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">+ (void)invokeOriginalMethod:(id)target selector:(SEL)selector &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    uint count;</span><br><span class="line">    Method *list = class_copyMethodList([target class], &amp;count);</span><br><span class="line">    for ( int i = count - 1 ; i &gt;= 0; i--) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        Method method = list[i];</span><br><span class="line">        SEL name = method_getName(method);</span><br><span class="line">        IMP imp = method_getImplementation(method);</span><br><span class="line">        if (name == selector) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            ((void (*)(id, SEL))imp)(target, name);</span><br><span class="line">            break;</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    free(list);</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>类对象/元类对象才是最终存储分类实例/类方法、属性、协议的地方。</p>
<h2 id="扩展问题">扩展问题</h2>
<h3 id="category的原本使用场景">Category的原本使用场景</h3>
<p>区分不同的功能模块，使用分类单独实现。</p>
<h3 id="category的实现原理">Category的实现原理</h3>
<p>分类编译后是category_t结构体，里面存储着分类的对象方法、类方法、属性、协议信息，在程序运行时，Runtime会把分类的数据合并到类信息（类对象、元类对象）中。</p>
<h3 id="category与extension的区别">Category与Extension的区别</h3>
<p>Extension在编译的时候，其数据已经包含在类信息中。Category在运行时才会把数据合并到类信息中。</p>
<h3 id="category为什么不能添加成员变量">Category为什么不能添加成员变量</h3>
<p>category_t结构体只能存储属性，但没有存储objc_ivar_list结构体，没有用存储成员变量的地方，所以不能添加成员变量。</p>
<h3 id="load方法的执行"><code>+load</code>方法的执行</h3>
<p>Runtime在加载类和分类的时候，会调用所有的<code>+load</code>方法，即使没有该类还没使用。</p>
<p>调用方式：函数地址直接调用。</p>
<p>调用时机：加载类和分类时调用一次，只会调用一次。</p>
<p><code>+load</code>方法调用顺序：</p>
<ol type="1">
<li>调用类的<code>+load</code>
<ul>
<li>按照编译顺序进行；</li>
<li>先调父类，再调子类；</li>
</ul></li>
<li>按照编译顺序调用分类的<code>+load</code>方法。</li>
</ol>
<p>先去调用类的<code>+load</code>方法，若有父类则先调用父类的<code>+load</code>方法，再去调用分类的<code>+load</code>方法。</p>
<h3 id="initialize方法的执行"><code>+initialize</code>方法的执行</h3>
<p><code>+initialize</code>需要在使用（调用方法）类的时候才会调用。其调用顺序跟普通方法一致，即若有分类实现的<code>+initialize</code>方法，则调用分类的方法。</p>
<p>调用方式：<code>objc_msgSend</code>调用。</p>
<p>调用时机：在类第一次接收到消息时调用，所以父类可能会执行多次（只有父类实现了<code>+initialize</code>方法，而子类没有实现）。</p>
<h2 id="参考">参考</h2>
<ul>
<li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://ityongzhen.github.io/%E8%AF%A6%E8%A7%A3iOS%E4%B8%AD%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BBCateogry.html/">详解iOS中分类Cateogry | 殷永振</a></li>
<li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://juejin.cn/post/6872205313678163981">iOS底层系列：Category - 掘金</a></li>
<li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://juejin.cn/post/6963889820363915300">Objective-C之Category的底层实现原理 - 掘金</a></li>
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